Assessments Hold Schools, States and Nations Accountable...

According to IRA standards, â€Å"the primary purpose of assessment is to improve teaching and learning† (International Reading Association, n.d.). This connotation would seem to contradict the uselessness of focused teacher-testing in today’s classroom during the major assessment phase of the school year. However, according to Johnson and Johnson (2002) and Steward (2004), they believe that assessments are useful in holding schools, states and nations, accountable throughout the educational process for student learning (as cited in Richardson, Morgan, Fleener, 2009). As many of us educators in this district know, this accountability could be seen in our state’s profienciency exam, State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR ®),†¦show more content†¦It is important to note that no matter what type of evaluation is used the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) calls for using strategies that are ensured to work in the education and assessment of our students (Richardson, Morgan, Fleener, 2009). However, it appears that this piece of legislation causes panic whenever a statistic is concerned. In fact, it has even been called a type of American education flu, indicating a panic that arises when our politicians and educational administrators see America’s education level falling beneath that of other developed countries (Gross, 2002). The ripple effect that is caused by low scores on standardized tests result in dire consequences for both students and teachers. Because the consequences are negatively impacting teachers which then can impede student growth, support for educators has been recently emphasized by the Commission on NCLB (2007). This amended policy not only called for significant educator support but also for fair, accurate and quality options for students to demonstrate their levels of competency. Throughout the school district there has been a sudden surge to hire highly qualified teachers, especially for core subjects. For the district’s current teachers, this means that the team they will work with in the future and the future team leaders will have gone through extensive educational requirements and professionalShow MoreRelatedAlfie Kohn Literature Review Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesSince the implementation of No Child Left Behind (NCLB), schools and society have taken a different perspective on how to assess the student‘s progress. Schools are forced to make decisions based on assessments and how to show adequate yearly progress (AYP). Alfie Kohn points out that, in some cases, our students have become victims of standardize testing. In his article, Standardized Testing and Its Victims (2000), he demonstrates how testing have become detrimental to our students instead ofRead MoreWhy Is A Standards Based Education Problematic? Essay759 Words   |  4 Pageseducation as â€Å"an attempt to develop clear, measurable descriptions of what learners should know a nd be able to do as a result of their education† (Armstrong, et al., 20). †¢ Elliot Eisner, an education specialist, states that one of the goals of a standards based education is to hold schools accountable (Armstrong, et al., 20). He also suggests that proponents of Standards-based education â€Å"Inappropriately view schooling as something like a horse race or an educational Olympics† (Armstrong, et al., 21). ThisRead MoreStandardized Testing Is Not Be Completely Honest I Do Not Know About Standardized Test1151 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose, does standardize test benefit students, teachers or schools and are they truly beneficial to my child s education. Standardize test are a result from that No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). The NCLB became a law in 2002 by President George W. Bush. The reason for NCLB was a growing concern that the American education system was no longer internationally competitive ­Ã‚ ­ - significantly increased the federal role in holding schools responsible for the academic progress of all students. (KleinRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesto standardized testing for student assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved February 3, 2015, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2012/11/02/an-alternative-to-standardized-testing-for-student-assessment/ This article focuses on methods that could take the place of standardized testing. It also points out that the No Child Left Behind act has killed many school practices. This article also states that no other nation test’s as much as the United States. Do Standardized Tests Show an AccurateRead More Parents for Public Schools Essay example615 Words   |  3 Pages Parents for Public Schools nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Today, the push for more accountability of student performance changed how assessment will be measured and judged in public schools. Not only will students be assessed through test scores, but also through attendance, school work, and observations. Parents hold the schools responsible for the advancement of their students’ knowledge. Different tests are given to measure their intelligence level which is either used to compare one student toRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1302 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify schools who are lacking in successful educational processes neither harm school districts through unequal distribution of power, nor negatively affect students’ learning; rather, it benefits students, faculty, and districts by encouraging student success and aiding in improvements for school curriculums. Standardized Testing assists schools by yielding results that illustrate the academic strengths and weaknesses of students within that school, which may be used to hold school districtsRead MoreStandardized Testing Is Not Be Completely Honest, I Do Not Know About Standardized Test1363 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose, does standardize test benefit students, teachers or schools and are they truly beneficial to my child s education. Standardize test is a result from that No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). The NCLB became a law in 2002 by President George W. Bush. The reason for NCLB was a growing concern that the American education system was no longer internationally competitive ­Ã‚ ­ - significantly increased the federal role in holding schools responsible for the academic progress of all students. (KleinRead MoreStandardized Testing And The School Entrance Examination Board- Or Sat Began1424 Words   |  6 Pageseducation curriculum when â€Å"the common school movement began in earnest in the 1830s in New England as reformers†¦ began to argue successfully for a greater government role in the schooling of all children† (â€Å"Common School†). â€Å"By 1845 in the United States, public education advocate Horace Mann was calling for standardized essay testing† (Mathews), because he believed that â€Å"political stability and social harmony depended on universal education† (â₠¬Å"Common School†), and that these tests would help teachersRead MoreElementary School Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesOrganization The organization chosen is in education for Elementary School. I choose the school where I’m currently employed. The school is part of the Orange County is in Central Florida, Orange County is the regions most populous county and includes the City of Orlando, as well as twelve other incorporated cities. The population of Orange County is 90% urban and 10% rural. Orange County Public Schools serves a diverse population that includes urban (Orlando), suburban and even rural communities;Read MoreAccountability : High Performance And Not Fear Or Stress870 Words   |  4 Pages Accountability is about being willing to hold yourself to a standard that improves the performance of others by having a willingness to be held accountable for them. It should not be defined as a punitive response to something going wrong (2010). In other words, accountability should be about high performance and not fear or stress. Accountability should drive positive change in behavior, processes, and culture, while encouraging continuous improvement and innovation (Garner, 2011). Accountability

How Democratic Is the American Constitution - 695 Words

Robert Dahls book How Democratic is the American Constitution, reminds us that the American Constitution wasnt the only possible base for a democratic system in America. In this book Dahl explains some of the democratic and undemocratic aspects of the American constitution. He also explains what should be changed to improve it. In chapter 2, Dahl begins explaining about the Framers of the constitution who had the task of basically creating a new government that combated all of the problems of the new United States of America. The Framers desperately needed to gather knowledge on how to go about creating a new society but, there was very little information that would help them. Dahl then listed a few events in history that if the†¦show more content†¦Fourth, the definition of the word democracy has changed. The way Americans see the word doesnt refer to a static system as it once did, it is ever changing and improving. Moving on, Dahl explained that not only did ignorance hinder the Framers plans for a constitution but there were also limited on opportunities in that time period. One of these limits was the fact they were convinced that creating a republic was the only way to go. They surely couldnt purpose a monarchy or a government based on a hierarchy since they originally wanted to get away from the English monarch. A second limit was the existence of only thirteen states, which would complicate creating a central government. The delegates also had to confront several other issues before they could agree on a constitution. Two of the larger issues were slavery and representation in the Senate. It was then that within these limits that the Framers had to construct a constitution. Dahl explains that these limits caused the constitution to have serious undemocratic flaws. It neither banned slavery nor gave congress the power to do so; also the constitution didnt guarantee any right of suffrage and left that up to the states. The election of a president was left up to a body of presidential electors that was a group of men that would be unswayed by popular opinion to choose a chief executive. Choosing senators would be determined by the stateShow MoreRelatedHow Democratic Is The American Constitution Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe question posed by both Madison and the Framers in the 85 â€Å"Federalist Papers† and Dahl in his book How Democratic is the American Constitution? is how effective the Constitution is at promoting the ideals of a democracy. For Dahl, there are several issues surrounding the Constitution, from its drafting, to its ideology, to its relev ance. By analyzing Dahl’s critiques of the Constitution in terms of the parallels that exist between factions and the two-party system, the issue of unequal representationRead MoreHow Democratic Is The American Constitution?1310 Words   |  6 PagesAs citizens of America, how free are we? Yes essentially, we can make our own decisions but at what cost. It seems like in order to uphold structure and stability within while securing the wellbeing of every citizen of a nation us to have a government. However, if the establishment of government is essential, there are certain sacrifices one has to make to ensure one’s protection. Therefore, the battle between freedom, equality, and security comes into play when you’re trying to construct a â€Å"perfect†Read MoreHow Democratic Is The American Constitution Written By Robert A. Dahl1457 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book How Democratic Is the American Constitution written by Robert A. Dahl, it shows us a deepe r understanding of how the complexities of when and how the ideals of the American democracy were framed. This book also shows us that this amazing document was created in a way that many of us wouldn’t have thought of. Throughout the book Dahl takes us on an incredible adventure through America’s beginning years, as far back as the Constitutional Convention in 1787. One of the first things thatRead MoreRethinking the Finality of and Democracy in the American Constitution1716 Words   |  7 PagesIs the United States Constitution a sacred and absolute document? Dahl (2001) argued that the Constitution is not perfect or permanent in his book, How Democratic is the American Constitution. He stresses that his main aim is not to propose that the Constitution must be amended, but to facilitate readers in changing how they think about the Constitution. In order to help people rethink the Constitution, Dahl (2001) explained the limitations of its Framers and the Constitution ’s not widely known undemocraticRead More Government and Politics - The Original Constitution Did Not Have Many Democratic Traits1621 Words   |  7 PagesOriginal Constitution Did Not Have Many Democratic Traits In two world wars, Korea, Vietnam, and the Persian Gulf, Americans fought and died so that democracy would prevail around the world. In the minds of many Americans, America is the bastion of democracy. But how democratic is America? Today’s America was â€Å"born† with the signing of the constitution in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There, it was determined how democratic America would be. And every American should ask himself how democraticRead MoreReview of How Democratic Is the Us Constitution809 Words   |  4 PagesBook Review Of How Democratic Is the American Constitution By Robert A. Dahl Context The American Constitution, seen by Americans as guiding light and bedrock of civil rights and democracy is as Robert A. Dahl argues not so democratic and does not guard the rights of individuals. P.18 Dahl places his work asking fundamental questions as to the use and application of the constitution in the modern world, not as an attack as Gordon S. Wood from New York Review of Books clearly states on theRead MoreHow Democratic Is The U.s. Constitution1506 Words   |  7 Pagesthe drafting of the U.S. Constitutions in 1787. These laws helped established America s national government and fundamental laws as well as guaranteed our citizens equal rights. Robert Dahl brought new light on the issue of how our nation views the U.S. Constitution and how effective it came to be. Most importantly, there is the possibility that Americans have the ability to alter the Constitution when it is needed. In Dahl’s book â€Å"How Democratic is the U.S. Constitution?†, he makes us thin k deeperRead MoreHow Democratic Is The American Consitution?1310 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"How Democratic Is the American Consitution?† written by Robert A. Dahl is a novel that’s main purpose is to â€Å"suggest changes in the way we think about our constitution† (Dahl 2003, p.1). Robert A. Dahl revolves his book around a few questions. However, the main focus of all the questions are â€Å"why should we Americans uphold our constitution† (Dahl 2003, p.1)? This question is asked because he questions why we uphold something that was written more than two centuries ago. He also questions how democraticRead MoreAnalysis Of The Constitution And The Constitution932 Words   |  4 PagesDahl and the Constitution James Madison and the rest of the Founders of the Constitution undeniably founded a government that has withstood the test of time. The question that Robert Dahl poses in How Democratic Is the American Constitution? is whether this form of government and specifically the Constitution is as democratic as it should be and focuses on the Constitution’s shortcomings. Dahl argues that the constitution is much less democratic than it ought to be. Madison, on the other hand, hadRead MoreWhen Asking Oneself If The Original U.S Constitution Is1521 Words   |  7 PagesWhen asking oneself if the original U.S Constitution is democratic, democracy itself must be defined. Democracy is defined as a form of government where all eligible citizens are able to participate equally, either directly, or through elected representatives-majority rule. The original U.S Constitution, including The Bill of Rights, as written is not necessarily a true democratic document, but it is rather a document t hat calls for more of a constitutional republic. This is true despite the fact

Imposing the Affirmative Action Free Essays

â€Å"Affirmative action was originally designed to help minorities, but women-especially white women-have made the greatest gains as a result of these programs†(Gross, 1996). Affirmative action is a growing argument among our society. It is multifaceted and very often defined vaguely. We will write a custom essay sample on Imposing the Affirmative Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people define affirmative action as the ability to strive for equality and inclusiveness. Others might see it as a quote-based system for different minority groups. I agree and support affirmative actions in that Individuals should be treated equally. I feel affirmative action, as an assurance that the best qualified person will receive the job. Is affirmative action fair? In 1974, a woman named Rose was turned down for a supervisory job in favor of a male. She was told that she was the most qualified person, but the position was going to be filled by a man, because he had a family to support. Five years before that, when Rose was about to fill an entry-level position in banking, a personnel officer outlined the woman†s pay scale, which was $25 to $50 month less than what men were being paid for the same position. Rose was furious because she felt This was discriminating to her. She confronted the personnel officer and he saw nothing wrong with it. Thanks to affirmative action today things like these situations are becoming more rare and/or corrected more quickly. Affirmative action has definitely helped women and minorities in their careers, but it has yet to succeed in the goal of equality to the fullest for the business world to women and minorities. Some observers argue that women have made huge strides! With the help of affirmative action. They now hold 40 percent of all corporate middle-management jobs, and the number of women-owned businesses has grown by 57 percent since 1982†³(Blackwood, 1995). â€Å"Affirmative action was designed to give qualified minorities a chance to compete on equal footing with Whites† (Chappell, 1995). Equal opportunities for the blacks, for the most part, have remained more wishful thinking than fact. Black students are continuing to struggle to seek an education, black business owners are still competing against their White counterparts, and black workers are experiencing an unemployment rate twice that of Whites and hold dead-end, labor-intensive, low-paying jobs. â€Å"Few can argue that racism is still rampant in awarding jobs and educational opportunities, even though it†s been proven beneficial to have people of different races with different ideas and different experiences working toward the same goal† (Chappell, 1995). The employment outlook for minorities is grim, but not hopeless. We definitely need affirmative action to overcome the disparities of employment that exist in his country. A recent Urban Benchmarks† study found that of 71 metro areas surveyed nationwide, Pittsburgh had the highest rate of employment-related problems among non-Hispanic whites between the ages of 25 and 54 and the sixth highest rate among African Americans in the same age group. We have a lot of problems with basic education here and if you don†t have basic education, you have no chance of getting a good job because competition is increasing for everyone. We must make sure that we educate our potential work force, including minorities, or our competitive edge, if we have one, will continue to decline in global markets. Many jobs today are in the technician and technologist area. â€Å"Jobs require more than a high-school diploma, but less than a four-year degree–such as an associate degree or certificate from a vocational or trade school† (Kovatch, 1996). As more and more women faced discrimination in large firms, more decided to strike out on their own. In conclusion, most Americans know that the deck is stacked against poor kids. They also realize that, because of past discrimination, an extraordinary number of those facing unequal opportunities are black. So, while 75 percent of Americans oppose racial preferences, according to a 1995 Washington Post/ABC poll, two-thirds with to â€Å"change† affirmative action programs rather than â€Å"do away with them entirely†. But the public also realized that, in real life, the legacy of discrimination is not always so neat. It is diffuse, and it requires a broader remedy. How to cite Imposing the Affirmative Action, Papers Imposing the Affirmative Action Free Essays â€Å"Affirmative action was originally designed to help minorities, but women-especially white women-have made the greatest gains as a result of these programs†(Gross, 1996). Affirmative action is a growing argument among our society. It is multifaceted and very often defined vaguely. We will write a custom essay sample on Imposing the Affirmative Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people define affirmative action as the ability to strive for equality and inclusiveness. Others might see it as a quote-based system for different minority groups. I agree and support affirmative actions in that Individuals should be treated equally. I feel affirmative action, as an assurance that the best qualified person will receive the job. Is affirmative action fair? In 1974, a woman named Rose was turned down for a supervisory job in favor of a male. She was told that she was the most qualified person, but the position was going to be filled by a man, because he had a family to support. Five years before that, when Rose was about to fill an entry-level position in banking, a personnel officer outlined the woman†s pay scale, which was $25 to $50 month less than what men were being paid for the same position. Rose was furious because she felt This was discriminating to her. She confronted the personnel officer and he saw nothing wrong with it. Thanks to affirmative action today things like these situations are becoming more rare and/or corrected more quickly. Affirmative action has definitely helped women and minorities in their careers, but it has yet to succeed in the goal of equality to the fullest for the business world to women and minorities. â€Å"Some observers argue that women have made huge strides! With the help of affirmative action. They now hold 40 percent of all corporate middle-management jobs, and the number of women-owned businesses has grown by 57 percent since 1982†³(Blackwood, 1995). â€Å"Affirmative action was designed to give qualified minorities a chance to compete on equal footing with Whites† (Chappell, 1995). Equal opportunities for the blacks, for the most part, have remained more wishful thinking than fact. Black students are continuing to struggle to seek an education, black business owners are still competing against their White counterparts, and black workers are experiencing an unemployment rate twice that of Whites and hold dead-end, labor-intensive, low-paying jobs. â€Å"Few can argue that racism is still rampant in awarding jobs and educational opportunities, even though it†s been proven beneficial to have people of different races with different ideas and different experiences working toward the same goal† (Chappell, 1995). The employment outlook for minorities is grim, but not hopeless. We definitely need affirmative action to overcome the disparities of employment that exist in his country. A recent Urban Benchmarks† study found that of 71 metro areas surveyed nationwide, Pittsburgh had the highest rate of employment-related problems among non-Hispanic whites between the ages of 25 and 54 and the sixth highest rate among African Americans in the same age group. We have a lot of problems with basic education here and if you don†t have basic education, you have no chance of getting a good job because competition is increasing for everyone. We must make sure that we educate our potential work force, including minorities, or our competitive edge, if we have one, will continue to decline in global markets. Many jobs today are in the technician and technologist area. â€Å"Jobs require more than a high-school diploma, but less than a four-year degree–such as an associate degree or certificate from a vocational or trade school† (Kovatch, 1996). As more and more women faced discrimination in large firms, more decided to strike out on their own. In conclusion, most Americans know that the deck is stacked against poor kids. They also realize that, because of past discrimination, an extraordinary number of those facing unequal opportunities are black. So, while 75 percent of Americans oppose racial preferences, according to a 1995 Washington Post/ABC poll, two-thirds with to â€Å"change† affirmative action programs rather than â€Å"do away with them entirely†. But the public also realized that, in real life, the legacy of discrimination is not always so neat. It is diffuse, and it requires a broader remedy. How to cite Imposing the Affirmative Action, Essay examples

Bing Bang Boom The American Revolution Essay free essay sample

Bing, Bang, Boom: The American Revolution Essay, Research Paper The American Revolution was a momentous event that changed the face of the whole universe. Though the Revolutionary War lasted merely a few short old ages, the American Revolution was a procedure that started long before the first shootings of war were fired. The rebellion was permeated with the bequest of colonial political ideals, aggravated by parliamentary revenue enhancement, escalated by the limitation of American civil autonomies and ignited by British military steps. England had a difficult clip commanding its American settlements from the really first, go forthing them to develop comparatively on their ain for several coevalss. The North American continent is near to 3,000 stat mis off from England and the trip from England to American by boat in the 1600s took six to eight hebdomads if non longer. The trip was non easy and many died along the manner, but when immigrants did make the New World they arrived a spot changed by their harrowing journey. We will write a custom essay sample on Bing Bang Boom The American Revolution Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These new immigrants were met with a clean, new, virgin land, virtually unchanged for 1000s of old ages. It was as if they had landed on a whole separate planet. These immigrants, so, established new societies based on whatever personal spiritual or political values they had, far from the shadow of England. Over 150 old ages subsequently these values still lived strongly in the posterities of these original colonists. The rights of the person were dominant in every facet of American life in 1763. From the comparative spiritual freedom, to the independency of the imperativeness, to the coveted public town meeting, Americans, unlike many Europeans at the clip, enjoyed the right to take how they lived their lives. Theoretically, under the construct of mercantile system, which affirmed that the exclusive intent of a settlement was to supply for its female parent state, Americans were restricted economically. But, until 1763, with England? s pattern of good disregard, Americans enjoyed economic freedom and were able to merchandise covertly with whomever they wished. In 1763, England won the French/Indian War at a heavy fiscal. The high cost of the war forced England to take a firmer clasp on its North Americ an settlements. Since the French/Indian war was fought on American dirt for the protection of the American people, the English authorities thought it elementary that the settlers should assist pay off some of the debt incurred by the war. But the Americans were outraged. When the Stamp Act of 1765 was passed settlers reacted with widespread choler and force. Mobs attacked the places of authorities functionaries, plundering their belongings and giving the hapless cast aggregators a good coat of pitch and plumes. With the Townshend Acts of 1767, the settlers unified and began widespread boycotts of British goods, beat uping around the slogan? No revenue enhancement without representation. ? For the English the concluding straw came in 1773 when a group of immature settlers, dressed as Indians, boarded three vass docked in Boston Harbor and dumped 100s of instances of British East India Company tea into the ocean. England could non disregard such a blazing smack in the face, and in 1774 passed the Coercive Acts, shuting off Boston Harbor and keeping the settlers responsible for the cost of the tea. Many Americans saw these Acts of the Apostless as direct violations on their civil autonomies and the struggle escalated to new highs. When England tried to fade out several province legislative assemblies, colonial leaders assembled in secret, forming such military groups as the Sons and Daughters of Liberty and the Minutemen. As piques ran high, the British started to fasten their military control over the major metropoliss of America. In April 1775, a regiment of British lobsterbacks on their manner to prehend rebel gunpowder clashed with a group of colonial Minutemans at Concord, Massachusetts. This brush was the beginning of the Revolutionary War and suitably called by coevalss? the shooting heard round the universe. ? The Revolutionary War, so, was a struggle that had roots profoundly intertwined in a coevalss old colonial sense of liberty and personal autonomy. This well developed sense of single freedom, combined with the English policy of revenue enhancement without representation, the eventual limitation of colonial civil autonomies, and British military actions, led to what is now known as the American Revolution.

Reforestation Essays - Forestry, Biology, Natural Environment

Reforestation The purpose of this written report is to inform the reader about the concerns and facts involved with reforestation. Reforestation began in Ontario after World War II. What happened was, professional foresters were assigned to an area and became responsible for its well being. Under the Crown Timber Act, long term management was prepared. Then the many steps needed to rebuild a forest began. Included in this report will be information on the effects of cutting and replanting, such as Carbon Dioxide, and Global Warming. Following this will be methods for planning a forest, and how they are conveyed before planting in a forest begins. There are many reasons why forests are cut down. One is to benefit economically, with furniture and home building. But there is also another reason. Arguments say "the United States could help slow the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide by replacing old-growth forests with faster-growing young trees". A new study of young and old forests says how this is in fact not true. Loggers have said that new trees pull the carbon dioxide better than old trees, and this may seem true, but it is not. There is one point being overlooked from all of this. The older, larger trees can store much, much more carbon dioxide than a new tree could. By cutting and burning these magnificent seasoned trees, the CO2 is being released back into the atmosphere. These releases of carbon dioxide add up in our surroundings, only to intensify Global Warming. Although this shows what happens when one burns and cuts down old forests, one must still plant new trees for long term plans, not letting them grow for a few years, to then cut them down. There are many methods for planning a forest. The simplest method of replanting a forest is to leave it to nature. A suitable seed bed in which trees will readily take root is integral for successful regeneration. Reducing competition by eliminating grass, weed or shrubs is another requirement in securing a new cro p of trees. These will sprout to produce seedlings. Though the weeds were eliminated before, they still grow back, and because of this poor, quality trees will grow. Another method though, is to create a planned forest, where new conifers are grown from seed in a special nursery. Seeding is a reforestation technique used mainly in the Boreal forest area where fire or logging tends to leave no or very little seeds for growth. In specific cases, Ministry staff seed the area with treated tree seeds. Following this is the planting. In many cases, planting is the only means of initiating a new forest. Up to 80 000 000 trees are planted annually in Ontario on Crown and private land. Usually immature forests have to be tended to. Once situated, a new crop needs intermittent care for the next 60 to 100 years. This means continuing protection from fires, disease and insects and routine thinning to focus the growth on selected crop trees. Before a forest can be grown, certain procedures must first occur. Collecting and processing seeds is one of them. Tree flowers fertilized by blowing winds or insects generate seed, in a time of somewhere within 1 to 2 years. Seed collecting from the woods must be timed with periodically occurring good seed years. Angus, near Barrie, is where all forest tree seed collection is co-ordinated. Stock of seeds can value up to $500 000. Usually this is around 3 billion seeds from 59 tree classes. In summary of the aforesaid, trees are very valuable to the human race economically and for health. Without trees the environment could worsen to the point where we would be living on one large dessert. We must remember that forest do not grow as easily as they used to because of fires and other disasters. This is why many forests are planned, and cared for. Most of us will never now how they turn out because for a forest to completely grow, it needs within anywhere from 60 to 100 years or more. There are many reasons why we should have reforestati on. One being mostly that we need forest to live! Without forests, or any type

Religion in the Reign of Augustus Essay Example

Religion in the Reign of Augustus Essay Example Religion in the Reign of Augustus Essay Religion in the Reign of Augustus Essay in this manner it is introduced in the book of Livy ( Livy 2004 ) . So, the purpose of Augustus was to advance Rome as the bosom of the imperium. His programs included Reconstruction of some of the edifices of import from the spiritual point of position and the metempsychosis of the mythology and history of the metropolis. In the position of bookmans, the system began to work when the new name was taken by the emperor. As it is widely known, by birth he was named Gaius Octavius Thurinus. Then, after his male parent was dead, his granduncle Gaius Julius Caesar adopted him in 44 BC, so that he was besides officially called Gaius Julius Caesar between 44 and 31 BC. But when he defeated Mark Antony and received so much power, this official name was no longer plenty to reflect the outstanding position of Octavian. Some people even proposed to call him Romulus as the 2nd builder of Rome. But there was excessively much negative in the image of that hero and the option was necessary. In 27 BC the Senate gave him the honorific Augustus ( which was interpreted as the revered, respected, chosen one ) . Hence he became Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus. Bing a boy of the Godhead Julius, Divi Iulii Filius, Augustus was besides deified by people and accordingly led to the personal cult of the emperor ( Beard, North, an d Price 1988 ) . The name Augustus meant that he was favored by Gods to function the state of the Romans. The appropriate fable appeared. Harmonizing to it, when Augustus was steering the run for his 1st consulship, people saw 6 big vultures. And when Octavian was elected, 6 more vultures appeared. This auspice was typifying the backing of the religious higher forces and foretold that he was the minion to reconstruct Rome. Further on, old cults were modified and the new 1s were introduced. For illustration, if earlier festival devoted to the Lares was celebrated on the 1st of May, with Augustus it was obligatory o celebrate it besides on the 1st of August, likely in award of the Genius Augusti , bookmans suppose ( Zanker 1989 ) . While the Lares were seen as some obscure divinities ( sometimes understood as adored liquors of the dead ) , the Lares Augusti were presented as the ascendants of the emperor Augustus and the Spirit of Augustus was Genius Augustus himself. In this manner Augustus made the cults of his ain household general for the state, and from private cults they turned into common. From this, it was necessary to construct topographic points of worship at the hamlets in each ward. A. Price gives the illustration of a little memorial, approximately 3 metres high, 2 and a half metres broad, with a modest communion table. The five stairss led to it where there were images of the Genius Augus ti and the Lares Augusti to idolize them. In reconstructing the temples Augustus was besides really careful and active. For case, he reconstructed the temple of the Magna Mater. But in contrast with other temples built by him, this one was made non in marble but in the traditional coarse rock, rufa like most of the early Roman temples. Then, non far from this temple of the Magna Mater and at the same clip non far from his ain flats the emperor Augustus erected the temple of Apollo. The land it was built on was administratively his ain belonging. In 36 BC this topographic point was struck by the lightening. It was successfully interpreted as a good mark of God s will for some sacral edifice. Augustus announced it the public belongings and dedicated to Apollo. The temple eventually became one of the most impressive in the metropolis. It was decorated bountifully by sculptures of Danaus and 50 Danaids, his girls, placed between the columns in the front gallery of the temple. The door was carved with Hedera helix and bared the image of Diana and Apollo killing the Niobe s kids. The other side was decorated with the scene of the Gauls expulsed from Delphi. The best sculpturers from Greece made the figures of Apollo, Diana and their female parent Latona for the inside. The topographic point rapidly received a really high spiritual position, and even the old Sibylline Books were taken here from the temple of Jupiter as Sibyl got her gift of prophesy straight from Apollo. The historiographers reflect this outstanding fact in the manner that Augustus brought the temple non merely into the sacred boundaries of the metropolis but into his ain house, a individual house that holds three ageless Gods , by Ovid ( Jones 1951 ) . It was for the first clip in history that Godhead and human abode were combined ( the temple of Apollo, the shrine of Vesta and the castle of the Emperor ) , and it could nt assist working as a strong Godhead association for benefit of Augustus. Furthermore, the image of Apollo was changed significantly. He got the cardinal function on the new Rome of Augustus. And the narrative was told that he helped Augustus to get the better of Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC. In add-on, Augustus built one more temple dedicated to Apollo. It was situated in the City of Victory, Nikopolis, and gave birth to a great festival of Actian Apollo. In the centre of the new forum he founded the 3rd great temple. It was the temple of Mars Ultor, the first temple dedicated to the God of war in the pomerium. This chef-doeuvre was subsequently called the most beautiful edifice of the era, and it besides presents a successful combination of tradition and invention, of continuity and restructuring ( Galinsky 1998 ) . The temple symbolized Augustus military victory and Godhead protection of his land. Inside the temple there was a statue of Mars, and of Venus excessively, which stood there for the godly beginning of Caesar and Augustus. The figures of Aeneas, the male monarchs of Alba Longa and the Julii, Romulus, the boy of Mars, all in all 108 statues were doing up the image of Augustus beginning and showing him as a inheritor. Among the rites, introduced by the emperor, there was an ancient anthem where the name of Augustus was added. Now the name of Augustus must hold rung out to hearers clear as a bell amongst the arcane and venerable mumbo-jumbo ( Rives 2007 ) . At the same clip Augustus insisted he was non god, but merely the go-between for their will, and did nt overrate his function in the eyes of his people. The people were to believe in his supernatural mission themselves. His numen, or godly power was besides honored by public in Rome. There was no particular cult for praising Augustus as a life God, but about 6 AD Tiberius built an communion table near his house for piests to give to his numen. It was non accessible for common people and was non included to the official cult of ascendants. The affair is, this communion table was to signal that the emperor was non worshipped as Gods, but at the same clip stood for a mere distance between Augustus and the Gods. The fact that already by life Augustus was honored as a God was non plenty for him. To do the following coevalss retrieve and idolize his was his undertaking excessively. Although administrative reforms were non ceased, the princeps felt that his clip was pulling to the terminal, and in 13 AD he evened Tiberius with himself in all the constitutional rights. Then August placed the testament and other paperss in the temple of Vesta in Rome. In these paperss fiscal and military place of the Empire were briefly described and refined, though quite inexact and really partial political testament was given. This great papers, Res Gestae Divi Augusti ( The Deeds of the Divine Augusti ) reflected all his political calling, achievements, public benefactions, military and other workss and accomplishments. The governor was informed that after princeps Augustus had been buried and deified, the Senate should listen to his last will and testament and carry through it. So, his will was to denote that history Res Gestae with all his achievements to the Roman people. The texte of the history consisted of 35 paragraphs doing up four subdivisions and was engraved on two bronze pillars. These pillars were put in forepart of his mausoleum. But the Senate decided non to keep the entree to it to the people of Rome merely, and the transcripts were made for people of state. The governor likely summoned the occupants of the capital to the theatre or the market place to hear a reading of the text translated into Greek, Werner supposes ( Eck 2004 ) . Furthermore, the text Sn Latin and Greek was carved in rock on the walls of a temple to Roma and Augustus. When Augustus died, he was proclaimed to be immortal and a priestess Livia was assigned to execute sacred service for him. There was a adult male, Numerius Atticus, who swore that he saw Augustus go uping to heaven. The same was traditionally told about Romulus and Proculus. In add-on to shrine built by Livia and Tiberius, the shrines for the dead emperor of Rome were built all over the province, frequently by ain will of separate communities. In the temple of Mars they put a aureate image of Augustus to pay all the necessary awards. What is more, Livia organized a festival in the award of Augustus which is held even today. In this manner the first princeps of the Roman Empire created an appropriate public image of himself by reshaping rites, reorganising the spiritual landscape and unobtrusively pull stringsing heads of people. In fact, he ca nt be accused of that as he truly did much for his state in the consequence. In the regulation of Octavian Augustus the Roman civilization experienced a superb bloom, its aureate age ( Galinsky 1998 ) . The principate of Augustus the basic mottos of which were the reclamation of democracy and temperaments of ascendants, halting of wars and strives, was perceived by coevalss as a long-awaited delivering from civil strifes and wars that had been flooring Roman society for so long. Therefore the Roman values, half-forgotten spiritual ceremonials, legends about the heroism of ascendants , Roman myth ( i.e. legend about allegedly intended to Rome by Gods and destiny of Lordship over the universe ) were now in every manner underlined and became one of the basic su bjects for all cultural figures of that clip. The Roman myth was melted with the myth of August conciliator, Jesus from enduring, both myths became the caput rock of official political orientation of the Empire. All in all, Octavian Augustus was one of most gifted, energetic and intelligent swayers in the universe. Unusually tremendous work, prosecuting far-going programs on reorganisation and reclamation, which was conducted by him in every construction of the great Empire, assisted creative activity of the new Roman universe, in which all categories, up to the lowest, prospered due to the refined economical, political and cultural links and booming trade. The bossy government, set during his regulation ( with taking into history the mistakes of Caesar ) , replaced the Republic falling into decay though foremost there were a great figure of plotters and was doomed to the protracted being ( Raaflaub 1993 ) . He brought stableness, safety and public assistance unprecedented to greater portion of population for more than two centuries ; he provided endurance and care of political, societal and cultural bequest of the authoritative universe, both Roman and Greek, and provided a footing on which the seed of Christianity and Judaism were able to shoot while it was his age when Jesus Christ was born, and Israelite from a state-client was transformed into the Roman state. Bibliography Beard, M. , J. North, and S. Price. Religions of Rome. Cambridge: CUP, 1988. Eck, W. The Age of Augustus. Malden A ; Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. Galinsky, K. Augustan Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. Jones, A.H.M. The Imperium of Augustus , The Journal of Roman Studies 41, no.1 ( 1951 ) : 112-119. Livy, History of Rome, 29.19.11-13 ( tr. B. C. Craige. Roman Imperialism [ Malden A ; Oxford: Blackwell Publishing 2004 ] 267 ) Ovid, Fasti III.415-28 ( tr. M. Beard, J. North, and S. Price. Religions of Rome. [ Cambridge: Cup 1988 ] . 189 ) . Raaflaub, K.A. and M. Toher ( eds. ) . Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993. Rives, J. Religion in the Roman Empire. Malden A ; Oxford: Blackwell, 2007. Wells, C. The Roman Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992. Zanker, P. The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus ( Thomas Spencer Jerome Lectures ) . Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1989.

Emotional Reaction Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Emotional Reaction - Term Paper Example The structure of the story revolves round the interaction between Bartleby and the Narrator. While the story focuses on Bartleby’s perplexing character and the events leading to his tragic death, the character of the Narrator occupies a central place in the tale. The Narrator exerts a strong appeal on the reader. The reader emotionally identifies with the Narrator in his harmless complacence, his attempts to avoid open conflict and his deep sympathy towards Bartleby. The Narrator makes his appearance as a moderately successful lawyer, who complacently goes about his routine business on Wall Street. It is easy for the reader to identify with his tone of gentle â€Å"self-deprecation† and his â€Å"conservative, cautious and prudent† personality (Sanderlin, 50). He frankly declares the â€Å"profound conviction that the easiest way of life is the best† (Melville, 3). He is unambitious, a little snobbish (as indicated by the name-dropping of ‘John Jacob Aster’) and even-tempered. He is content to make money in his profession and to remain ensconced in his simple office, which he describes as â€Å"the cool tranquility of a snug retreat† (Melville, 3). The reader is willing to approve of his attitude towards life. Even if one could accuse the Narrator of smugness and of being â€Å"the complacent storyteller (who) begins by congratulating himself in his estimable character and circumstances† (Stempel a nd Stillians, 274), he comes across as eminently likeable. He is willing to poke fun at himself. He is also willing to tolerate Turkey with his â€Å"flighty recklessness,† (Melville, 6) blotted documents, split pens, upset sand-box and fits of insolence. Nipper’s suspicious visitors and fiery temper is also taken in his stride. He cannot deny any â€Å"appeal to my fellow-feeling† (Melville, 10). The Narrator is a sound man, who is content with his profession and the placid unfolding of his days. The reader develops a comradeship with him